Iyo weldability yemidziyo yesimbi inoreva kugona kwezvinhu zvesimbi kuwana akanakisa welding majoini uchishandisa mamwe maitirwo ewelding, anosanganisira nzira dzewelding, welding zvinhu, welding yakatarwa uye welding zvimiro mafomu.Kana simbi ichigona kuwana akanakisa welding majoini uchishandisa akajairika uye akapusa welding maitiro, inoonekwa seine yakanaka welding performance.Iyo weldability yezvinhu zvesimbi inowanzokamurwa kuita zvinhu zviviri: process weldability uye application weldability.
Process weldability: inoreva kugona kuwana akanakisa, asina kukanganisa-asina akasungwa majoini pasi pemamwe welding process mamiriro.Haisi chivakwa chesimbi, asi inoongororwa zvichibva pane imwe nzira yewelding uye matanho chaiwo anoshandiswa.Naizvozvo, iyo nzira weldability yesimbi zvinhu inowirirana zvakanyanya neiyo welding process.
Service weldability: inoreva dhigirii iyo iyo welded joint kana iyo yese chimiro inosangana nekuita sevhisi inotsanangurwa neiyo chigadzirwa tekinoroji mamiriro.Kuita kunoenderana nemamiriro ekushanda eiyo welded chimiro uye zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvinoiswa pamberi mukugadzira.Kazhinji zvinosanganisira michina zvinhu, yakaderera tembiricha toughness kuramba, brittle kutsemuka kuramba, yakakwirira tembiricha zvinokambaira, kuneta zvinhu, kusingaperi simba, ngura kuramba uye kupfeka kuramba, etc. Somuenzaniso, inowanzoshandiswa S30403 uye S31603 Stainless simbi vane yakanakisa ngura kuramba, uye 16MnDR. uye 09MnNiDR yakaderera-tembiricha masimbi zvakare ane yakanaka yakaderera-kusimba kusimba kuramba.
Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuita welding yezvinhu zvesimbi
1.Material factors
Zvishandiso zvinosanganisira base simbi uye welding zvinhu.Pasi pemamiriro akafanana ewelding, izvo zvakakosha zvinotaridza weldability yebhesi simbi zvimiro zvayo zvemuviri uye kuumbwa kwemakemikari.
Panyaya yezvimiro zvemuviri: zvinhu zvakaita senzvimbo yekunyungudika, kunyungudika kwemafuta, mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient, density, kupisa huwandu uye zvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi zvese zvine chekuita nemaitiro akadai seyekupisa kutenderera, kunyungudika, crystallization, shanduko yechikamu, nezvimwe. , nokudaro zvichikanganisa weldability.Zvishandiso zvine low thermal conductivity senge simbi isina simbi zvine hombe tembiricha gradients, yakakwira yakasara kushushikana, uye yakakura deformation panguva yewelding.Uyezve, nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu pakupisa kwepamusoro, zviyo munzvimbo inopisa inokura, izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda kwekubatana.Austenitic Stainless simbi ine yakakura mutsara wekuwedzera coefficient uye yakanyanya kuoma majoini deformation uye kushushikana.
Panyaya yekuumbwa kwemakemikari, chinhu chinonyanya kupesvedzera kabhoni, zvinoreva kuti iyo kabhoni yesimbi inotaridza kusimba kwayo.Mazhinji emamwe maalloying zvinhu musimbi haaite welding, asi maitiro avo anowanzo idiki pane iyo kabhoni.Sezvo iyo kabhoni yemukati musimbi inowedzera, maitiro ekuomesa anowedzera, mapurasitiki anoderera, uye kuparuka kwewelding kunowanzoitika.Kazhinji, kunzwisiswa kwezvinhu zvesimbi kune zvakatsemuka panguva yewelding uye shanduko yemagetsi enzvimbo yewelded joint area inoshandiswa sechiratidzo chikuru chekuongorora weldability yezvinhu.Naizvozvo, iyo yakakwira iyo kabhoni yemukati, iyo yakaipisisa iyo weldability.Yakaderera kabhoni simbi uye yakaderera alloy simbi ine kabhoni yemukati isingasviki 0.25% ine yakanakisa plastiki uye kukanganisa kuoma, uye mapurasitiki uye kusimba kwekukanganisa kwemajoini akakwenenzverwa mushure mewelding zvakare zvakanaka kwazvo.Preheating uye post-weld kupisa kurapwa hazvidiwi panguva yekuputika, uye iyo welding process iri nyore kudzora, saka ine yakanaka weldability.
Mukuwedzera, kunyunguduka uye kukunguruka mamiriro, kupisa kurapwa mamiriro, sangano rehurumende, nezvimwewo zvesimbi zvose zvinokanganisa weldability kune zvidimbu zvakasiyana.Iyo weldability yesimbi inogona kuvandudzwa nekunatsa kana kukwenenzvera zviyo uye inodzorwa kutenderedza maitiro.
Welding zvinhu zvinotora chikamu zvakananga munhevedzano yemakemikari metallurgical reactions panguva yewelding process, iyo inotarisisa kuumbwa, chimiro, zvivakwa uye kukanganisa kuumbwa kwesimbi weld.Kana zvinhu zvewelding zvakasarudzwa zvisina kufanira uye zvisingaenderane nesimbi yepasi, kwete chete kubatana kunosangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa hakuzowanikwe, asi hurema hwakadai sekutsemuka uye shanduko yezvimiro zvezvimiro zvichaunzwa zvakare.Naizvozvo, kusarudzwa kwakaringana kwezvinhu zvewelding chinhu chakakosha mukuvimbisa emhando yepamusoro-welded majoini.
2. Maitiro ekugadzirisa zvinhu
Process zvinhu zvinosanganisira welding nzira, welding process parameters, welding sequence, preheating, post-heating and post-weld heat treatment, etc. The welding method ine simba guru pane weldability, kunyanya muzvikamu zviviri: maitiro ekupisa uye kudzivirira mamiriro.
Different welding nzira vane zvakasiyana chaizvo kupisa manyuko maererano simba, simba density, kunonyanyisa kupisa tembiricha, etc. Metals welded pasi siyana kupisa manyuko acharatidza siyana nomoto zvinhu.Semuenzaniso, simba re electroslag welding rakakwirira kwazvo, asi simba remagetsi rakaderera zvikuru, uye iyo yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha haina kukwirira.Kupisa kunononoka panguva yewelding, uye tembiricha yepamusoro yekugara nguva yakareba, zvichikonzera zviyo zvakakasharara munzvimbo inobatwa nekupisa uye kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwekuoma kwesimba, izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvakajairika.Kuita nani.Mukupesana, erekitironi danda welding, Laser welding uye dzimwe nzira dzine simba shoma, asi yakakwirira simba density uye nokukurumidza kupisa.Iyo yakanyanya tembiricha yekugara nguva ipfupi, kupisa kwakakanganiswa nzvimbo yakamanikana, uye hapana njodzi yekukura kwezviyo.
Kugadzirisa maparamendi ewelding uye kutora mamwe maitiro ekuita senge preheating, postheating, multi-layer welding uye kudzora tembiricha yeinterlayer inogona kugadzirisa uye kudzora iyo welding yekudziya kutenderera, nekudaro ichichinja weldability yesimbi.Kana matanho akadai sekutanga kupisa kusati kwave nemoto kana kupisa kurapwa mushure mekutaridzirwa kwatorwa, zvinogoneka zvachose kuwana majoini akasungirirwa pasina hurema hwakatsemuka hunoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekuita.
3. Mamiriro ezvinhu
Iyo inonyanya kutaura nezve dhizaini yechimiro cheiyo welded chimiro uye majoini akakwenenzverwa, sekukanganisa kwezvinhu zvakaita sechimiro chechimiro, saizi, ukobvu, fomu yejojo yegorofu, weld marongero uye chimiro chayo chemuchinjiko pane weldability.Kufurira kwaro kunonyanya kuratidzwa mukufambiswa kwekupisa uye mamiriro esimba.Ukobvu hwepureti hwakasiyana, mafomu akasiyana akabatana kana groove maumbirwo ane akasiyana ekufambisa ekumhanyisa mafambiro uye mareti, ayo anozokanganisa iyo crystallization gwara uye kukura kwezviyo kwedziva rakanyungudutswa.Kuchinja kwemaitiro, kukora kweplate uye weld kurongeka zvinotarisa kuoma uye kuzvidzora kwejoini, izvo zvinokanganisa mamiriro ekushushikana kwejoint.Yakashata crystal morphology, yakanyanya kushushikana kushushikana uye yakawandisa welding kushushikana ndiwo mamiriro ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwekutsemuka kwewelding.Mukugadzira, kudzikisira kuoma kwemajoini, kuderedza kuchinjika welds, uye kudzikisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzeresa kushushikana ese matanho akakosha ekuvandudza weldability.
4. Mamiriro ekushandisa
Inoreva tembiricha yekushanda, mamiriro ekutakura uye svikiro rekushanda panguva yebasa reiyo welded chimiro.Idzi nzvimbo dzekushanda uye mamiriro ekushanda anoda zvimiro zvakashongedzwa kuti zviite zvinoenderana.Semuyenzaniso, welded zvivakwa kushanda pazasi tembiricha anofanira kuva brittle fracture resistance;zvivakwa zvinoshanda pakupisa kwepamusoro zvinofanirwa kunge zvine creep resistance;zvivako zvinoshanda pasi pemitoro inochinjana inofanira kuva nekudzivirira kuneta kwakanaka;zvimiro zvinoshanda muasidhi, alkali kana munyu midhiya Iyo yakashongedzwa mudziyo unofanirwa kuve wakakwira corrosion resistance uye zvichingodaro.Muchidimbu, iyo yakanyanya kuomarara mamiriro ekushandiswa, iyo yakakwirira yemhando yezvinodiwa zvewelded majoini, uye zvakanyanya kuoma kuve nechokwadi cheweldability yechinhu.
Kuzivikanwa uye kuongororwa indekisi ye weldability yesimbi zvinhu
Munguva yewelding process, chigadzirwa chinoitwa welding thermal process, metallurgical reactions, pamwe newelding kusagadzikana uye deformation, zvichikonzera shanduko yemakemikari ekuumbwa, metallographic chimiro, saizi uye chimiro, zvichiita kuti kushanda kweiyo welded joint kazhinji kuve kwakasiyana neiyo base zvinhu, dzimwe nguva kunyange Haikwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa.Kune akawanda reactive kana refractory simbi, dzakakosha welding nzira dzakadai seelectron beam welding kana laser welding dzinofanira kushandiswa kuwana majoini emhando yepamusoro.Mamiriro mashoma emidziyo uye kuomerwa kushoma kunodiwa kugadzira yakanaka welded joint kubva kune chinhu, zviri nani weldability yezvinhu;pane zvinopesana, kana yakaoma uye inodhura welding nzira, zvakakosha welding zvinhu uye maitiro ekugadzirisa matanho anodiwa, zvinoreva kuti zvinhu The weldability yakashata.
Paunenge uchigadzira zvigadzirwa, weldability yemidziyo inoshandiswa inofanira kutanga yaongororwa kuti ione kana zvakasarudzwa zvimiro zvemukati, welding zvinhu, uye welding nzira dzakakodzera.Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora weldability yezvinhu.Imwe neimwe nzira inogona chete kutsanangura chimwe chikamu che weldability.Naizvozvo, bvunzo dzinodiwa kuti uone zvizere weldability.Nzira dzekuyedza dzinogona kukamurwa kuita rudzi rwekufananidza uye rudzi rwekuyedza.Iyo yekutanga inotevedzera kudziyisa uye kutonhora maitiro ewelding;bvunzo dzekupedzisira zvinoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo welding.Muyedzo wemukati unonyanya kuona kuumbwa kwemakemikari, metallographic chimiro, michina zvivakwa, uye kuvapo kana kusavapo kwekuremara kwesimbi yesimbi uye weld simbi, uye kuona iyo yakaderera-tembiricha kuita, yakakwirira-tembiricha kuita, corrosion resistance, uye. kuputika kupikisa kwejoini yakasungwa.
Welding maitiro ezvinowanzoshandiswa simbi zvinhu
1. Welding of carbon steel
(1) Welding yepasi kabhoni simbi
Yakaderera kabhoni simbi ine yakaderera kabhoni yemukati, yakaderera manganese uye nesilicon yemukati.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, hazvikonzere kuomarara kwechimiro kana kudzima chimiro nekuda kwewelding.Iyi mhando yesimbi ine yakanakisa plastiki uye kukanganisa kuoma, uye kusimba kwepurasitiki uye kusimba kwemajoini ayo akasungwa zvakare akanaka kwazvo.Preheating uye postheating kazhinji hazvidiwe panguva yewelding, uye yakakosha maitiro matanho haadiwe kuwana welded majoini ane inogutsa mhando.Naizvozvo, yakaderera kabhoni simbi ine yakanakisa welding performance uye ndiyo simbi ine yakanakisa welding performance pakati pesimbi dzese..
(2) Welding yepakati kabhoni simbi
Medium kabhoni simbi ine yakakwira kabhoni yemukati uye weldability yayo yakaipisisa kupfuura yakaderera kabhoni simbi.Kana CE iri padyo nemuganho wakaderera (0.25%), iyo weldability yakanaka.Sezvo iyo kabhoni yemukati inowedzera, iyo kuomesa maitiro inowedzera, uye yakaderera-plasticity martensite chimiro inogadzirwa zviri nyore munzvimbo inopisa-inopisa.Kana iyo weldment yakanyatso kuomarara kana izvo zvewelding uye ma process paramita zvakasarudzwa zvisina kunaka, kutonhora kutsemuka kungangoitika.Paunenge uchipinza chikamu chekutanga che-multi-layer welding, nekuda kwechikamu chikuru chesimbi yakasanganiswa mu weld, carbon content, sulfur uye phosphorus content inowedzera, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira mitswe inopisa.Uye zvakare, stomatal sensitivity inowedzera kana kabhoni yemukati yakakwira.
(3) Welding yepamusoro kabhoni simbi
Yakakwira kabhoni simbi ine CE yakakura kupfuura 0.6% ine yakanyanya kuomarara uye inokwanisa kugadzira yakaoma uye brittle yakakwirira kabhoni martensite.Mitswe inowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinopisa uye munzvimbo dzinopisa, zvichiita kuti welding inonetsa.Naizvozvo, rudzi urwu rwesimbi haruwanzo shandiswa kugadzira zvimiro zvakashongedzwa, asi rinoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu kana zvikamu zvine hurema hwakanyanya kana kupfeka kuramba.Zvizhinji zvewelding yadzo ndeyekugadzirisa zvikamu zvakakuvara.Izvi zvikamu uye zvinoriumba zvinofanira annealed pamberi welding kugadzirisa kuderedza welding makatsemuka, uye ipapo kupisa kurapwa zvakare pashure welding.
2. Welding of low alloy high simba simbi
Iyo kabhoni yemukati yakaderera-alloy yakakwirira-simba simbi kazhinji haipfuure 0.20%, uye iyo yakazara alloying zvinhu kazhinji haipfuure 5%.Ndizvo chaizvo nokuti yakaderera-alloy yakakwirira-simba simbi ine imwe chiyero che alloy elements iyo welding performance yayo yakati siyanei neiyo ye carbon steel.Maitiro ayo welding ndeaya anotevera:
(1) Kutsemuka kwakatsemuka mumajoini akasungwa
Cold-cracked low-alloy high-simba simbi ine C, Mn, V, Nb uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinosimbisa simbi, saka zviri nyore kuomeswa panguva yekuputika.Aya maumbirwo akaomeswa anonzwa zvakanyanya.Naizvozvo, kana kuomarara kwakakura kana kudzora kushushikana kwakakwira, kana Isina kufanira welding process inogona kukonzera kutonhora kutsemuka.Uyezve, rudzi urwu rwekutsemuka kune kumwe kunonoka uye runokuvadza zvakanyanya.
Reheat (SR) cracks Reheat cracks are intergranular cracks in the coarse-grained area near the fusion line during post-weld stress relief treatment treatment or long-term high-temperature operation.Zvinowanzotendwa kuti zvinoitika nekuda kwekushisa kwepamusoro kwewelding zvichiita kuti V, Nb, Cr, Mo uye mamwe carbides ari pedyo neHAZ ave yakasimba yakanyungudutswa mu austenite.Havana nguva yekunaya panguva yekutonhora mushure mekuputika, asi kupararira uye kunaya panguva yePWHT, nokudaro kusimbisa chimiro chekristaro.Mukati, iyo inokambaira deformation panguva yekuzorora kwekushushikana inonangana pamiganhu yezviyo.
Low-alloy high-simba resimbi majoini akaiswa welded kazhinji haafanirwe kupisa zvakare makatsemuka, akadai 16MnR, 15MnVR, zvichingodaro. Zvisinei, kune Mn-Mo-Nb uye Mn-Mo-V akatevedzana low-alloy yakakwirira-simba simbi, senge. 07MnCrMoVR, sezvo Nb, V, uye Mo zviri zvinhu zvine simba rekunzwa kudzoreredza kuputika, rudzi urwu rwesimbi inoda kurapwa panguva yekupisa kwemashure.Kuchengetedza kunofanira kutorwa kuti udzivise nzvimbo yekupisa yekushisa kwekugadzirisa zvakare kutsemuka kudzivirira kuitika kwekutsemuka kwekudzokorora.
(2) Embrittlement uye kupfava kwewelded joints
Strain kuchembera embrittlement Welded majoini anoda kupinda siyana kutonhora maitiro (blank shearing, barrel rolling, etc.) pamberi welding.Iyo simbi inoburitsa plastiki deformation.Kana nzvimbo yacho ichiwedzera kupisa kusvika ku200 kusvika ku450 ° C, kukwegura kuchaitika..Strain kuchembera embrittlement inoderedza plastiki yesimbi uye kuwedzera brittle shanduko tembiricha, zvichikonzera brittle kuputsika kwemidziyo.Post-weld kupisa kurapwa kunogona kubvisa kushungurudza kwakadaro kweiyo welded chimiro uye kudzoreredza kuoma.
Embrittlement ye welds uye kupisa-kukanganisa nzvimbo Welding inzira isina kuenzana yekudziya uye kutonhora, inokonzeresa isina kuenzana chimiro.Iyo brittle transition tembiricha ye weld (WM) uye inopisa-yakakanganiswa nzvimbo (HAZ) yakakwirira kupfuura yesimbi yepasi uye ndiyo isina simba link mujoini.Welding line simba rine simba rinokosha pane zvinhu zvepasi-alloy high-simba simbi WM uye HAZ.Low-alloy high-simba simbi iri nyore kuomesa.Kana simba remutsara riri diki, martensite ichaonekwa muHAZ uye inokonzera kutsemuka.Kana simba remutsetse rakakurisa, tsanga dzeWM neHAZ dzinobva dzaoma.Zvinozoita kuti mubatanidzwa uite brittle.Kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi inopisa-yakakungurutswa uye yakajairwa, yakadzika-kabhoni yakadzimwa uye yakanyoroveswa simbi ine tsika yakakomba kune HAZ embrittlement inokonzerwa nekunyanyisa mutsara simba.Nokudaro, kana welding, simba remutsara rinofanira kugumira kune imwe nzvimbo.
Kunyoroveswa kwenzvimbo yakakanganiswa nekupisa yejoini dzakasungwa Nekuda kwekuita kwekupisa kwewelding, kunze kwenzvimbo inobatwa nekupisa (HAZ) yepasi-kabhoni yakadzimwa uye simbi inodziya inopisa pamusoro pekupisa kwekushisa, kunyanya nzvimbo iri pedyo neAc1, iyo ichagadzira nzvimbo yekunyorovesa ine simba rakaderedzwa.Kupfava kwechimiro munzvimbo yeHAZ kunowedzera nekuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi uye tembiricha yekupisa, asi kazhinji simba rekusimba munzvimbo yakapfava richiri rakakwirira kudarika muganho wepasi wekukosha kwesimbi yepasi, saka nzvimbo inokanganisa kupisa. yemhando iyi yesimbi inonyorovesa Chero bedzi iyo yakagadzirwa yakakodzera, dambudziko haringakanganisa kushanda kwekubatana.
3. Welding yesimbi isina tsvina
Simbi isina simbi inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvina zvichienderana nezvimiro zvayo zvesimbi zvakasiyana, zvinoti austenitic Stainless simbi, ferritic Stainless simbi, martensitic Stainless simbi, uye austenitic-ferritic duplex Stainless simbi.Izvi zvinotevera zvinonyanya kuongorora hunhu hwewelding hwe austenitic Stainless simbi uye bidirectional Stainless simbi.
(1) Welding ye austenitic Stainless simbi
Austenitic Stainless steels zviri nyore kupinza pane mamwe masimbi asina tsvina.Ikoko hakuzovi nechikamu chekushandura pane chero tembiricha uye haina hanya nehydrogen embrittlement.Iyo austenitic Stainless simbi yakabatana zvakare ine yakanaka yepurasitiki uye kuoma mune iyo welded state.Matambudziko makuru welding ndeaya: welding inopisa kutsemuka, embrittlement, intergranular corrosion uye kusagadzikana ngura, etc. Uyezve, nekuda kwehurombo hwekupisa conductivity uye hombe linear yekuwedzera coefficient, welding kusagadzikana uye deformation yakakura.Kana welding, iyo welding yekupisa yekuisa inofanira kunge idiki sezvinobvira, uye hapafanirwe kuve nekupisa, uye tembiricha ye interlayer inofanira kuderedzwa.Kupisa kwe interlayer kunofanira kudzorwa pasi pe60 ° C, uye majoini e weld anofanira kudzika.Kuti uderedze kupinza kwekupisa, iyo welding yekumhanyisa haifanirwe kuwedzerwa zvakanyanya, asi iyo welding ikozvino inofanira kuderedzwa zvakakodzera.
(2) Welding ye austenitic-ferritic nzira mbiri-simbi isina tsvina
Austenitic-ferritic duplex Stainless simbi iduplex Stainless simbi inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri: austenite uye ferrite.Inosanganisa zvakanakira austenitic simbi uye ferritic simbi, saka ine hunhu hwekusimba kwepamusoro, yakanaka corrosion resistance uye nyore welding.Parizvino, kune matatu makuru marudzi e duplex simbi isina tsvina: Cr18, Cr21, uye Cr25.Hunhu hukuru hwemhando iyi yesimbi welding ndeiyi: kuderera kwekushisa kwemaitiro kuenzaniswa neaustenitic simbi isina tsvina;yakaderera embrittlement tsika mushure mewelding kana ichienzaniswa neakachena ferritic Stainless simbi, uye dhigirii referrite coarsening mune welding kupisa kunokanganisa zone Iyo zvakare yakaderera, saka weldability iri nani.
Sezvo rudzi urwu rwesimbi rune zvakanaka welding properties, preheating uye postheating hazvidiwi panguva yekuputika.Mahwendefa matete anofanirwa kuve akasungwa neTIG, uye mahwendefa epakati uye akakora anogona kugadzirwa nearc welding.Kana welding nearc welding, yakakosha simbi yewelding ine yakafanana kuumbwa kune base simbi kana austenitic welding tsvimbo ine yakaderera kabhoni yemukati inofanirwa kushandiswa.Nickel-based alloy electrodes anogona zvakare kushandiswa kuCr25 mhando mbiri-chikamu simbi.
Dual-phase simbi dzine chikamu chakakura cheferrite, uye maitiro ekuzvarwa eembrittlement emasimbi ane ferritic, akadai brittleness pa475 ° C, σ phase precipitation embrittlement uye coarse grains, zvichiripo, nekuda kwekuvapo kwe austenite.Imwe zororo inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa maitiro, asi iwe uchiri kufanira kuterera kana welding.Kana welding Ni-isina kana yakaderera-Ni duplex Stainless simbi, pane katsika keimwe-chikamu ferrite uye zviyo coarsening munzvimbo inopisa-yakakanganiswa.Panguva ino, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kudzora welding yekupisa yekuisa, uye edza kushandisa diki ikozvino, yakakwira welding kumhanya, uye nhete chiteshi welding.Uye kuwanda-kupfuura welding kudzivirira zviyo coarsening uye imwe-chikamu ferriteization munzvimbo ine kupisa-yakakanganiswa.Iyo tembiricha ye-inter-layer haifanire kunge yakanyanya kukwirira.Zvakanakisisa kusungira pasi rinotevera mushure mekutonhora.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-11-2023